Technical Notes#

Status: Draft, 2026-08-20 (all cited sources accessed 2026-08-20).

Scope note. These notes turn the standardized composite whole life assurance (shūshin hoken, 終身保険) of product-spec.md (same directory) into a reference liability cash-flow projection on paper. This is not any single insurer’s product. [S#] and [R#] tags resolve against sources.md, whose numbering is carried verbatim from _research/whole-life.md and is frozen; [REG-R#] tags resolve against the cross-product reference library references/regulatory-and-actuarial-references.md, whose own R-numbering is distinct. std marks a standardization introduced for the reference implementation; unverified marks a claim that could not be confirmed against a retrieved document. Every parameter value here is identical to product-spec.md’s. Three parameters appear here that the specification does not name, all of them internal to the surrender-value construction that specification footnote 15 defers to this document: the cash-value basis rate i_cv, the acquisition-deduction rate α, and the reference valuation rate i_std. Each is std and each is derived, not asserted, below.

This is the library’s savings chassis. The policy value, the surrender value (kaiyaku-henreikin, 解約返戻金), the suppressed-surrender-value (tei-kaiyaku-henreikin-gata, 低解約返戻金型) cliff and the automatic premium loan, APL (jidō furikae kashitsuke, 自動振替貸付) are specified once, here. The endowment technical notes (養老保険) and the FX whole life technical notes (外貨建終身保険) state deltas against this file.

Model scope and conventions#

  • Purpose. Project gross best-estimate liability cash flows per policy — premiums, death and severe disability (kōdo shōgai, 高度障害) claims, surrender benefits, expenses and commission — for a single-policy model point, in the sense the ESR current estimate (genzai suikei, 現在推計) requires: probability-weighted future cash flows on assumptions re-set at each 基準日, gross of reinsurance REG-R15. It is also what the 保険計理人’s 1号収支分析 consumes REG-R6 REG-R22. Discounting, MOCE, required capital and every statutory reserve are out of scope and are cited, not reproduced — see Valuation and reserve pointers, which sets out both the 1号収支分析 and the reserving chain.

  • Projection frequency. Annual, on policy years running anniversary to anniversary (WholeLife_JP_A). The product has no intra-year contractual structure on the composite: the sum assured is level for life, the premium is level, and the only date that matters inside a year is the 払込満了日, which is an anniversary by construction. The composite pays annually, so the grace (猶予期間) and the APL both operate on an annual cycle [S1] [S3] [S10].

  • Timing conventions std. Premium at the start of each policy year, in advance, for years 1 … m; maintenance expense and renewal commission at the start of each year; acquisition expense and initial commission at issue (start of year 1); death claims and claim expenses at the end of the policy year of death; surrenders at the end of the policy year, after deaths, valued on the surrender value at that anniversary.

  • Age basis. 契約年齢 is attained age (man-nenrei, 満年齢) with the fractional year discarded at 契約日, incrementing on each 年単位の契約応当日 rather than on the birthday [S1] [S3] [S9]. A projection stepped on anniversaries therefore steps the rating age correctly by construction, and the attained age in year t is x + t − 1 exactly — no select adjustment, no half-year offset. The mortality table does not share this basis: 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）is built for use on a nearest-birthday insurance age (hoken-nenrei, 保険年齢) 方式 REG-R20. The reference implementation reads the table at the 満年齢 attained age with no adjustment std, because no public mapping between the two bases exists; the resulting bias understates mortality by up to half a year of age. On the male table half a year of age is worth 3.6–5.0% of q between attained ages 35 and 65, but under 2% in magnitude between 23 and 31, where the curve flattens and dips, and as much as 14% between 15 and 16, where q is smallest and climbing steeply. Named here, not hidden.

  • Currency. JPY throughout. Amounts are written ¥ with thousands separators. There is no currency layer on this product; the FX whole life (外貨建終身保険) adds one.

  • Model points. Single-policy model points projected on an expected (probability-weighted) basis: survivorship multiplies per-policy cash flows. point_id parameterizes Projection; point_id = 1 is the worked-example anchor cell. No aggregation logic is specified here.

  • Termination. There is no maturity date and no 満期保険金 [S1] [S3] [S5] [S7] [S9] [S10]. The projection runs to the terminal age of the mortality table: T = ω − x + 1, with ω = 109 for males and 113 for females on 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）, the first age at which q(ω) = 1.00000 REG-R18 R1. Every remaining life dies in year T; nothing is paid at T other than the death benefit. There are no tail states.

  • Contract boundary. The premium is level and guaranteed for the whole of 保険料払込期間 and the insurer has no unilateral repricing right [S1] [S3] [S7] [S10], so all m years of premium and the whole-of-life benefit are inside any defensible boundary. Japan’s ESR 柱1 告示 were not opened in the research pass and their boundary text is unverified REG-R16; the model therefore does not implement a boundary test, it projects the whole contract and says so.

  • Rounding. Intermediate values at full precision; displayed cash flows to two decimal places std, which is the precision the tests assert. Contractual amounts a policyholder actually receives are integral yen, but the model does not round them: a probability-weighted expected value has no contractual denomination.

Model point attributes#

Attribute

Type

Anchor cell (point_id = 1)

policy_id

str

WL-JP-0001

sex

enum {M, F}

M

issue_age (x)

int, 満年齢, 15–80

30

sum_assured (SA)

JPY, ¥2,000,000–¥50,000,000 in ¥1,000,000 units

5,000,000

prem_term (m)

int years, or 0 for 終身払

15

premium_annual (P)

JPY, level for years 1 … m

174,960

low_cv

bool — 低解約返戻金型 elected

true

low_cv_rate (k)

解約払戻金支払割合

0.70

apl_elected

bool — 自動振替貸付 elected (default on)

true

pol_loan_util

fraction of cv_pp drawn as 契約者貸付

0.00

dividend_type

enum {none, five_year}

none

There is no issue date (契約日) attribute, and that is a product fact rather than an omission: the projection runs on policy years, 契約年齢 is fixed at 契約日 and increments on the 年単位の契約応当日 rather than the birthday [S1] [S3] [S9], and the one intra-year date that matters — the 払込満了日 — is an anniversary by construction. Six further model-point columns carry the optional modules rather than the contract (default_rate, pol_loan_year, lapse_spike, dyn_lapse, mort_adj, pua_year); each is specified in the assumption tables below. The mort_adj column is read by the mort_be_factor cells, which carries the library-wide name for the multiplier; the column keeps its own spelling.

prem_term = 0 denotes 終身払, for which m is treated as infinite: no 払込満了 date exists, the suppressed period runs for life [S4], and the cliff never occurs. That point must be in the table, because it is the one configuration in which the product’s signature mechanic is absent by construction.

The anchor premium is sourced, not constructed: ¥14,580 per month for this exact cell is published [S4], and the annual figure is 12 × that std (product-spec.md footnote 5). No carrier publishes an annual-mode scale, so the modal discount a real 年払 rate would carry is not applied and the annual premium is slightly overstated — the direction is stated, not corrected.

State variables#

Variable

Description

Updated

pols_if(t)

In-force probability at the start of policy year t; pols_if(1) = 1

annual recursion

mort_rate(t)

Mortality rate (incl. 高度障害) in year t

table lookup at x + t − 1

lapse_rate(t)

Voluntary surrender rate in year t

assumption table

default_rate(t)

Premium-default rate in year t (optional module; 0 in base)

assumption table

pol_val_pp(t)

V(t) — the ordinary, unsuppressed surrender value at anniversary t

closed form

cv_pp(t)

The payable 解約返戻金 at anniversary t, after the 低解約返戻金型 multiplier

closed form

surr_charge_pp(t)

SC(t) — the 解約控除 embedded in pol_val_pp

closed form

reserve_pp(t)

平準純保険料式 policy reserve, reference quantity only — never a cash flow

closed form

pols_if_pay(t)

Of pols_if(t), the premium-paying cohort; pols_pay_bef_decr(t) is that cohort after the year’s defaults, and is the weight on premium and renewal commission

annual recursion

pols_if_apl(t, s)

In-force probability on APL at start of year t, having defaulted in year s

annual recursion

loan_apl_pp(t, s)

Outstanding APL principal and interest per policy in that cohort; loan_pp(t) is the paying cohort’s 契約者貸付 balance

annual recursion

pols_if_apl and loan_apl_pp are indexed by the entry year s and not collapsed to a cohort average. That is deliberate: the APL exhausts at a duration that depends on when the loan started, so an average balance would let early entrants ride on late entrants’ headroom and would move the termination year by decades (below, the same policy exhausts at t = 3 or t = 53 depending only on s). The triangle is the honest structure.

The base run carries no loan, no APL cohort and no 契約者貸付: default_rate ≡ 0 and pol_loan_util = 0, so loan_pp ≡ 0, loan_apl_pp ≡ 0 and every benefit is gross. Both modules are exercised in both positions in testing.

Assumption inputs#

Three classes, kept apart on purpose. The split is not a modelling nicety here: a Japanese illustration must separate guaranteed (保証) from non-guaranteed (非保証) elements, because presenting a non-guaranteed element as certain is 断定的判断の提供 under 消費者契約法第4条 REG-R38.

(a) Contractual / guaranteed elements (cited; the insurer cannot change them)#

Input

Value

Basis

Death benefit

SA, level for life, net of L(t)

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S9] [S10]

高度障害保険金

Same amount, on the 別表 disability state; extinguishes the contract

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S9]

Premium P

Level and guaranteed for years 1 … m; none thereafter

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S10]

保険期間

終身 — no expiry, no 満期保険金

[S1] [S3] [S5] [S7] [S9] [S10]

解約払戻金支払割合 k

0.70 during 低解約払戻期間; 1.00 thereafter

[S3] [S7] [S9] [S11]

低解約払戻期間

Identical to 保険料払込期間, i.e. m years

[S3] [S6] [S7] [S11]

Clawback

Suppressed basis persists past m where premiums in the low period were unpaid

[S3] [S4] [S5] [S9]

解約返戻金 arguments

A function of elapsed months and paid months while premiums are due

[S1] [S3] [S10]

APL continuation test

Advance plus interest must not exceed the surrender value computed as if the premium had been paid, net of existing loan

[S1] [S3] [S10]

APL interest ceiling

年8% / 半年4% / 月 8/12%; a fourth carrier publishes the 年8% ceiling alone

three ceilings [S1] [S7] [S10]; 年8% [S3]

契約者貸付 limit

9/10 of cv_pp while premiums are paid, 8/10 once 払込済, existing balance deducted first

[S1] [S3] [S7]

Loan-excess termination

Contract lapses where loan and interest exceed the surrender value and the top-up is unpaid

[S1] [S3] [S10]

免責 — suicide

3 years from the 責任開始期, reset on 復活

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S8] [S9] [S10]; statutory frame REG-R34

Refused claim

The 保険料積立金 / policy reserve (sekinin-junbikin, 責任準備金) is paid to the policyholder, not nothing

[S1] [S9] [S10]

復活 window

3 years from lapse, barred once the surrender value is claimed

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S10]

Policyholder protection

90% of the 責任準備金 on insurer failure

REG-R40 REG-R41

(b) Insurer-discretionary current elements#

Unlike a UK guaranteed-premium term policy, this class is not nearly empty — it is where the product’s economics live, and every item in it is a rate the insurer sets and may change.

Input

Snapshot value

Basis

APL / 契約者貸付 interest i_L

2.75% p.a., compound, held flat

level [S2]; ceilings [S1] [S7] [S10]; pick std

Rate-review calendar

Reviewed each January and July at two carriers, the revision applying to existing loans; not modelled

[S7] [S11]; flat std

Assumed pricing interest rate (yotei riritsu, 予定利率)

1.75% p.a. — a 2010 disclosure, carried as documentation

[S11]; current value unverified

Cash-value basis rate i_cv

1.468% p.a. — solved from the published surrender table

derived std, below

Acquisition deduction α

0.0090 of SA, grading linearly to zero at m

derived std, below

契約者配当

None — the composite is 無配当. Variant: 5年ごと利差配当, off in the base run, declaring div_spread × div_period × V(t) at every fifth anniversary with div_spread = 0.25% p.a. over div_period = 5 years

[S1] [S3] [S5] [S11]; variant [S7]; legal frame REG-R9; spread and period std, below

払済保険 conversion basis

The insurer’s own single-premium net rate A(x+t); not modelled in the base run

[S1] [S3] [S7] [S9] [S10]

Why i_cv is not 1.75%. The 予定利率, 予定死亡率, 予定事業費率 and the surrender-value formula all live in the 保険料及び責任準備金の算出方法書, a filed but unpublished 基礎書類 REG-R2 — no amount of further research turns them into sourced values. What is public is a complete numeric surrender-value run for one model point [S4], and a second carrier’s matched suppressed and ordinary pair [S7]. The library therefore constructs V(t) in closed form and calibrates it to the published table, and the calibrated rate lands at 1.468%, not at the 1.75% disclosed in a 2010 booklet. The gap is informative rather than embarrassing: the published table is a 2025 rate page [S4] and the disclosure is fifteen years older [S11]. i_cv is the live model input; 1.75% is carried as a documented fact and a sensitivity anchor, and appears nowhere in the cash-flow recursion.

The dividend spread, and why it is 0.25%. On the 5年ごと利差配当 variant the declaration is made every five years from inception where the investment return on 責任準備金等 exceeds the return assumed in pricing, accumulates at a company-set rate as 5年ごと積立配当金 and may be nil [S7]. The rate is a 三利源 calculation inside the unpublished 算出方法書 REG-R2 and no carrier publishes it, so div_spread = 0.25% p.a. std, applied over div_period = 5 years of V(t). The five-year period is not a standardization — it is in the product name [S7] [S10]. The only interest-margin figures recovered anywhere in the research pass bracket the pick from both sides: a 0.2% asset-management deduction inside one carrier’s 積立利率 formula [S11], and a 0.05% 契約者配当金積立利率 at another [S2]. Neither is a 利差 declaration rate, so the pick is a standardization and not a reading; it moves only the dividends column, which is zero on every model point but one.

(c) Behavioral / experience assumptions (modeler’s view)#

Mortality. 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）is the sourced basis, read from the publisher’s own PDF REG-R18 R1. Two facts must be carried together and never blurred. First, the table includes 高度障害 inside the death rate REG-R20 R2 — so a projection using it must not add a separate disability decrement, and the two benefits are one decrement on one amount. Second, it is a valuation table: 2008/2009/2011 experience carried forward by an improvement allowance of 2.5% p.a. for five years then 1.0% p.a. for three, then loaded by a 数学的危険論による補整 sized to hold the exceedance probability to about 2.28% (a 2σ level), capped at 130% of the unadjusted rate REG-R20 R2. A best-estimate basis is therefore a std adjustment of a sourced table.

Input

Value

Basis

Base table

生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）, sex-distinct, q at attained age x + t − 1

REG-R18 R1

mort_be_factor

1.00 in the base run

std

Terminal age ω

109 (M) / 113 (F)

REG-R18 R1

Improvement overlay

None

std

mort_be_factor = 1.00 is a choice, not a default: it means the base run is a valuation-table run, not a best estimate, and it is taken so that every mortality rate the worked example quotes is a published one that anyone can download and check. The 2σ margin pushes rates up and the built-in improvement allowance pushes the best-estimate multiplier further down, but no retrieved source sizes either against current insured experience, so no defensible single haircut exists. mort_be_factor is the named lever; a production basis would sit somewhere below 1.00 and would move claims proportionately.

The shipped table is a construction, and every figure below is computed on it. The IAJ’s site terms prohibit reproduction, alteration and transmission of the tables without written consent REG-R21, so jplib does not distribute a copy of the file. mort_table.csv is a std construction whose provenance column tags every row, and it is the canonical jplib death table: one file, built once from the union of the anchors every product in this library sources, shipped identically by all of them, so a rate quoted in two products carries the same number and the same provenance in both. This product ships the age range it reads, 15 to ω.

Every row is one of two kinds and its provenance says which. An ANCHOR row is a rate quoted and attributed to REG-R18; an INTERPOLATED row is filled by log-linear interpolation in ln q between the two neighbouring anchors, evaluated in double precision and rounded to five decimal places. Nothing is extrapolated: each sex runs from an age-0 anchor to a terminal anchor, so every interpolated age lies strictly between two sourced ones. Over the range shipped here, 27 of the 95 male rows and 24 of the 99 female rows are anchors; the remaining 68 and 75 are the standardization, and they are not IAJ values.

How far an interpolated row sits from the published rate is not known and is not asserted. The library reads the anchors and constructs the rest, so it has nothing to measure the fill against, and an earlier revision of these notes quoted a comparison against the full published table that the library cannot support. What is known is where the fill is thinnest: past age 90 the anchors are five and then four years apart while q is turning over, the widest gap in the file. Of the rates the worked example below prints, q(30) … q(34) and q(45) are anchors and q(43) and q(44) are interpolated — which is why the assumption list quotes only the first five as read from the publisher’s PDF. A user who has downloaded the IAJ PDF replaces mort_table.csv with a same-schema file and changes no formula.

Surrender. No carrier publishes a lapse or surrender curve by duration; this is the single largest assumption gap for the product. The only public benchmark is the industry 解約・失効率 of 5.6% for FY2024 R12 REG-R31, and the same report defines it as surrendered-and-lapsed sum assured over opening in-force sum assured, industry-wide across all product types — an amount-weighted, all-product bound, not a per-policy whole-life rate. It is used here as a sanity ceiling and nothing more.

Policy year t

1

2

3 … m−1

m

m+1 …

lapse_rate(t) std

4%

3%

2%

17%

2%

The shape is reasoned, not fitted: a 低解約返戻金型 owner who surrenders during the low period takes a 30% haircut on a value that is already below cumulative premiums (70.1% of premiums paid at duration 5 on the published table [S4]), so early surrender is strongly suppressed; at t = m the value steps up by a factor of 1/k and crosses 100% of premiums paid, and the product has been sold on exactly that crossing. The m-year entry is 2% + s with the cliff spike s = 15% std, held as a separate parameter so that it can be switched off and the sensitivity read directly.

Premium default and the APL (optional module, off in the base run).

Input

Value

Basis

default_rate(t)

0 in the base run; 1% p.a. for 1 ≤ t ≤ m in the module

std

APL clawback on the defaulting cohort

On — the suppressed basis persists past m

[S3] [S4] [S5] [S9]

Reinstatement (復活)

Not modelled; every exit is terminal

std, below

Expenses and commission (levels all std; no carrier publishes an expense basis at all — 予定事業費率 is named in the 保険契約者保護機構 boilerplate [S1] [S7] and never quantified).

Input

Value

Acquisition expense E0

¥50,000 per policy at issue std

Initial commission c0

90% of the annual premium at issue std

Renewal commission c_r

3% of premium, years 2 … m std

Maintenance expense e(t)

¥8,000 p.a., for life, inflating at 1.0% p.a. std

Claim expense ec

¥20,000 per death claim std

Surrender expense

None — folded into maintenance std

Expense inflation of 1.0% std is deliberately below the 3% a UK or U.S. model would carry; importing 3% into a Japanese whole-life run over an eighty-year horizon compounds to a different product. Maintenance expense continuing after 払込満了, for life is the structural point: this is a whole life contract on which premiums stop after m years and obligations do not.

Cash flow components and recursions#

Notation (defined once, used throughout)#

Symbol

Meaning

t

policy year, t = 1 … T; attained age in year t is x + t − 1

x, T, ω

契約年齢 at issue; projection length T = ω − x + 1; table terminal age

m

保険料払込期間 in years (∞ for 終身払)

SA, P

保険金額; annual premium, payable at the start of years 1 … m

q(t), w(t), u(t)

mortality rate; voluntary surrender rate; premium-default rate in year t

l(t)

in-force probability at the start of year t; l(1) = 1 (pols_if)

lp(t)

of those, the part still paying premium in cash in year t, after that year’s defaults into the APL state (pols_pay_bef_decr); lp(t) = l(t) in the base run

D(t), S(t)

expected deaths in year t; expected surrenders in year t

A(y), ä(y, n)

whole-life EPV of 1 at age y and n-year annuity-due, on i_cv and the table

π

net level premium on the cash-value basis, SA × A(x) / ä(x, m)

W(t)

prospective net level premium policy value at anniversary t

SC(t)

解約控除 — acquisition-cost deduction (surr_charge_pp)

V(t)

ordinary, unsuppressed surrender value (pol_val_pp)

k

解約払戻金支払割合 — 0.70 when 低解約返戻金型 is on, 1.00 otherwise

CV(t)

payable 解約返戻金 (cv_pp)

L(t)

loan + APL principal and interest at the start of year t

i_cv, i_L, i_std

cash-value basis rate; loan rate; reference valuation rate

α

acquisition-deduction rate, per unit of SA

E0, e(t), c0, c_r, ec

acquisition expense; maintenance; initial and renewal commission; claim expense

CF(t)

net cash flow of year t, income-positive (net_cf)

Dimensional check. q, w, u, k, α, c0, c_r, l and lp are dimensionless; i_cv, i_L, i_std are per annum; A and ä are pure numbers (ä in years of premium, so SA × A / ä is ¥ per year); SA, P, W, SC, V, CV, L, E0, e, ec are ¥; every term of CF(t) is ¥ per policy issued per year. No term mixes a per-annum rate with a stock without an explicit year count.

責任準備金 and 解約返戻金 — two quantities, one relationship#

They are different objects and a model that conflates them is wrong in both directions.

責任準備金 is statutory. For an in-scope contract — and a level-premium 終身保険 with a fixed 予定利率 is in scope R6 REG-R7 — it is accumulated net level premium method (heijun jun-hokenryō-shiki, 平準純保険料式), with no Zillmer adjustment, on the standard valuation rate (hyōjun riritsu, 標準利率) and 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）R7 R8 REG-R10 REG-R11:

π*        = SA × A*(x) / ä*(x, m)                     on (i_std, 標準生命表2018)
reserve_pp(t) = SA × A*(x + t) − π* × ä*(x + t, max(m − t, 0))

解約返戻金 is contractual. Its formula is in the unpublished 算出方法書 REG-R2; what the 約款 publish is its argument list — elapsed months and paid months, the elapsed count capped at the paid count while premiums are due [S1] [S3] [S10]. The library constructs it as a policy value of the same form on a different basis, less a 解約控除 grading to zero std:

π         = SA × A(x) / ä(x, m)                       on (i_cv, 標準生命表2018)
W(t)      = SA × A(x + t) − π × ä(x + t, max(m − t, 0))
SC(t)     = α × SA × max(0, m − t) / m
V(t)      = max(0, W(t) − SC(t))

The relationship is then exact and testable. When the two basis rates coincide (i_std = i_cv, which is the base-run default so that the identity can be asserted),

reserve_pp(t) − V(t) = SC(t)          for every t

— the whole difference is the 解約控除, which is precisely what 平準純保険料式 forbids the reserve to carry REG-R10. When they do not coincide the ordering can fail: with a 標準利率 below the pricing basis the statutory reserve exceeds the cash value by far more than SC(t), and in a deep negative-spread (逆ざや) configuration the reserve can exceed even the sum assured. reserve_pp ≥ V ≥ CV is therefore not a model invariant and must not be asserted as one. reserve_pp produces no cash flow; it exists so the identity above can be checked.

The 低解約返戻金型 cliff#

CV(t) = k × V(t)     for t <  m       (k = 0.70 when 低解約返戻金型 is on)
CV(t) =     V(t)     for t >= m

and the transition at t = m is a step, not a ramp. Two carriers’ published tables agree on it to rounding, and one of them settles what the suppression is: at duration 40, well past 払込満了, the suppressed and ordinary products have identical surrender values [S7]. So there is one V(t) and one multiplier — not two reserve runs. Everything derived from the surrender value is suppressed with it: the 払済保険金額, the 契約者貸付 amount and the APL amount are all computed off CV(t) [S7] [S9] [S11].

Two quantities coexist at t = m and a model must publish both: k × V(m), the value an instant before the step (the published ¥2,047,650 figure), and CV(m) = V(m), the value an instant after (¥2,928,450) [S4]. std ordering rule: a surrender occurring in policy year m is paid at the end of year m on CV(m), i.e. on the full value; the suppressed value applies to surrenders in years 1 … m−1. The ratio CV(m) / (k × V(m)) must equal exactly 1 / k; anything between is an interpolation the contract does not have.

自動振替貸付 as a state#

Where the premium is unpaid at grace expiry and there is a surrender value, the insurer lends the premium against that value and applies it to the premium, and the contract continues in force [S1] [S3] [S7] [S10] [S11]. Lapse on this chassis is therefore a funded event, not a behavioural one. The trigger, stated the same way at three carriers [S1] [S3] [S10], on the annual grid is

the APL fires in year t  iff   CV*(t) >= L(t) + P × (1 + i_L)

where CV*(t) is the surrender value computed as if the premium had been paid — on the annual grid that is CV(t), the value at the end of year t std — and L(t) is the existing balance at the start of year t. The accumulation is compound, with interest capitalised into principal at each subsequent grace expiry, annually on a 年払 contract [S3] [S7]:

L(t + 1) = (L(t) + A(t)) × (1 + i_L),      A(t) = P if the APL fires and t <= m, else 0

Once t > m no premium is due, so A(t) = 0 and the balance rolls up on interest alone against a value that is still growing — which is why exhaustion after 払込満了 takes decades rather than years.

Exhaustion. If the test fails in year t, the contract lapses at that point and the policyholder may claim the surrender value net of the loan [S1] [S3] [S10]:

benefit on APL failure = max(0, CV(t − 1) − L(t))

floored at zero, because the loan can exceed the value. The same test, with A(t) = 0, is the loan-excess termination the 約款 describe for a 契約者貸付 that outgrows the value [S1] [S3] [S10]; the notice-and-top-up period is not modelled std.

The clawback. Where not all premiums falling in the suppressed period were paid, the suppressed basis continues to apply after the period ends [S3] [S4] [S5] [S9]. A cohort carried through the low period by APL advances has by definition not paid them, so std the APL cohort’s value is k × V(t) for all t — it never steps up at m. This is not a refinement; it moves the exhaustion year by sixteen years on the anchor cell (below).

Processing order (policy year t = 1 … T)#

  1. Start of year — premium. Collect P × lp(t) if t ≤ m. On the APL cohort the premium is not collected in cash: the advance is applied to it, so it produces no net_cf entry and appears only as growth in L. That is why the weight here is lp(t) and not l(t) — the APL cohort is in force and not paying.

  2. Start of year — expenses. e(t) × l(t); renewal commission c_r × P × lp(t) for 2 ≤ t ≤ m. At t = 1 additionally E0 and c0 × P (per policy issued, l(1) = lp(1) = 1). Maintenance is carried on the whole in-force population l(t), because the APL cohort still has to be administered; commission follows the premium actually collected, so it is carried on lp(t) std.

  3. Start of year — APL test (module on). For each entry cohort, apply the trigger above; advance or terminate.

  4. Cash values. Compute W(t), SC(t), V(t), CV(t) at the year-end anniversary.

  5. End of year — deaths. D(t) = l(t) × q(t); outgo (SA − L(t)) × D(t), floored at zero; claim expense ec × D(t).

  6. End of year — surrenders, applied to survivors of mortality [std order: death before lapse]: S(t) = l(t) × (1 − q(t)) × w(t); outgo max(0, CV(t) − L(t)) × S(t).

  7. End of year — loan roll-up. L(t + 1) = (L(t) + A(t)) × (1 + i_L).

  8. Update in force.

    l(t + 1) = l(t) × (1 − q(t)) × (1 − w(t))

  9. At t = T the table’s terminal rate is 1, so l(T + 1) = 0 and the projection ends. No maturity payment, no tail states.

Net cash flow#

Income-positive, per policy issued:

CF(t) = P × lp(t) × 1{t <= m}                         (premiums)
      − (SA − L(t)) × D(t)                            (death and 高度障害 claims)
      − ec × D(t)                                     (claim expense)
      − max(0, CV(t) − L(t)) × S(t)                   (surrender benefits)
      − e(t) × l(t)                                   (maintenance expense)
      − c_r × P × lp(t) × 1{2 <= t <= m}              (renewal commission)
      − (E0 + c0 × P) × 1{t = 1}                      (acquisition)

Premium and renewal commission are weighted by lp(t), not l(t). That is the whole content of step 1: an APL advance is a loan asset and not cash income, so a policy sitting in the APL state contributes to l(t), to maintenance expense and to every benefit, and to neither of these two lines. Weighting premium by l(t) would book the advanced premium as income and net the loan off the later claim — counting it twice — and would make net_cf move in the year an advance is made, which the pitfalls list below says it must not. The two weights coincide in the base run, where default_rate ≡ 0, which is exactly why the distinction has to be written down rather than discovered when the module is switched on.

net_cf is income-positive throughout; where the notes elsewhere print an outgo-positive stream that orientation survives as liability_cf, with net_cf(t) == −liability_cf(t). The result columns are premiums, claims_death, claims_lapse, claim_expenses, expenses, commissions, dividends and net_cf, with pols_if first. expenses is acquisition plus maintenance; the claim handling expense is claim_expenses beside it. dividends is a column of zeros on the 無配当 composite and is published rather than dropped, because the 5年ごと利差配当 variant is a real product in the source set.

Roll-forward identity. Because the table terminates, every policy leaves by one of the two decrements, so

Σ_t D(t) + Σ_t S(t) = 1     and     l(T + 1) = 0

check_decrement_sum() takes no argument and returns a bool over all t; the per-t signed residual lives at check_decrement_sum_resid(t).

Policyholder behavior modeling#

All dynamic forms are std reference constructions; there is no public calibration evidence for any of them on this product.

  • Base surrender. The duration table in class (c), with the cliff spike held as its own parameter. The suppression is a behavioural instrument as much as a pricing one: it costs the policyholder 30% of the value to leave early and buys a 16.3% cheaper premium in exchange (¥17,040 against ¥20,350 per month on the one carrier that publishes both scales for one identical cell [S7]).

  • The spike at 払込満了 is an assumption, not a mechanic. The step in CV is contractual; the surge in surrenders at the step is class (c) and nothing else. Nothing in any retrieved document quantifies it. Setting s = 0 and re-running is the correct way to read its effect.

  • Dynamic surrender on the 払戻率 std (optional module, off in base). The economically natural driver is the ratio of the value to premiums paid:

    w_dyn(t) = w(t) × min(3.0, max(1.0, 1 + β × max(0, CV(t) / cumprem(t) − 1)))

    with β = 2.0 std and cumprem(t) = P × min(t, m). On the anchor cell the ratio crosses 1 exactly at the cliff, so this module reproduces the spike endogenously instead of imposing it — a useful cross-check on the s = 15% choice, not a replacement for it.

  • Premium default and the APL. Modelled as a decrement u(t) out of the premium-paying cohort into an APL cohort, not as a lapse. A policy does not lapse while the cash value can carry the premium, so a whole-life lapse model that applies a lapse rate to unpaid premiums without first running the APL test is modelling a decrement the contract does not have.

  • Reinstatement (復活) is not modelled std. Within three years of lapse, on fresh 告知 and payment of arrears, a Japanese policy comes back [S1] [S3] [S7] [S10] — the composite’s lapse is genuinely not a terminal state, unlike the UK reference set’s. Treating every exit as terminal understates later-duration in force and therefore both premium income and claims. The bias is stated rather than corrected because no retrieved source gives a reinstatement rate.

  • 契約者貸付 take-up. Static pol_loan_util only, base 0. There is no public take-up data. Where it is non-zero, the loan is drawn at the anniversary to pol_loan_util × CV(t), subject to the contractual 9/10 (in payment) and 8/10 (paid-up) caps [S1] [S3] [S7], accrues at i_L, and nets off every benefit.

  • 払済保険 election. Modelled as an election at a chosen duration: the contract stops paying premiums, SA is replaced by (CV(t) − L(t)) / A(x + t) on the insurer’s own single- premium basis, and the suppression switches off for the future — but the conversion itself is made on the suppressed value, so the resulting 払済保険金額 is permanently smaller [S3] [S7] [S9]. Off in the base run.

  • リビング・ニーズ特約 (a tokuyaku, rider) is not an extra benefit. It accelerates the death benefit on a six-month prognosis and reduces SA by the amount paid [S1] [S3] [S4] [S7]. Zero incidence in the base run std; modelling it as an addition would double-count.

  • 免責 incidence is zero in the base run std. Where a claim is refused for an 免責事由 the contract does not forfeit — the 保険料積立金 is paid to the policyholder instead [S1] [S9] [S10]. Only a policyholder who intentionally caused the death receives nothing. A model that treats an exclusion as a zero-payment event overstates the insurer’s position.

Worked example#

Anchor cell (point_id = 1). Male, 契約年齢 30 (満年齢), 保険金額 ¥5,000,000, 保険期間 終身, 保険料払込期間 15 years, 低解約返戻金型 on, annual premium ¥174,960 (= 12 × the published ¥14,580 monthly premium for exactly this cell [S4]). T = 109 − 30 + 1 = 80 policy years, attained ages 30 to 109.

Assumption values used, in full: q from 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）男 REG-R18 R1 with mort_be_factor = 1.00 — q(30) = 0.00068, q(31) = 0.00069, q(32) = 0.00070, q(33) = 0.00072, q(34) = 0.00074, all five anchor rows of mort_table.csv, read from the publisher’s PDF and quoted here because the worked example needs them; lapse_rate = 4% / 3% / 2% … 2% / 17% at t = 15 / 2% std; default_rate = 0 (base run); E0 = ¥50,000, c0 = 0.90, c_r = 0.03, e(t) = ¥8,000 × 1.01^(t−1), ec = ¥20,000, all std; i_cv = 1.468%, α = 0.0090, k = 0.70; i_L = 2.75%, unused in the base run because loan_pp ≡ 0.

Calibration of the cash-value construction#

π = SA × A(30) / ä(30, 15) on i_cv = 1.468% and the shipped male table gives A(30) = 0.47678817, ä(30, 15) = 13.49765934, so π = ¥176,618.83. i_cv was solved so that V(15) = SA × A(45) reproduces the published post-step value, and α was set to a round 0.0090 — an initial deduction SC(0) of ¥45,000, 25.7% of one annual premium — grading linearly to SC(15) = 0. The fit against the eight published points [S4] is then:

duration

model CV(t)

published 解約払戻金

difference

model 払戻率

published 払戻率

5

613,589.14

613,850

−260.86 (−0.042%)

70.14%

70.1%

10

1,306,475.85

1,309,400

−2,924.15 (−0.223%)

74.67%

74.8%

15 (pre-step)

2,050,042.31

2,047,650

+2,392.31 (+0.117%)

78.11%

78.0%

15 (post-step)

2,928,631.87

2,928,450

+181.87 (+0.006%)

111.59%

111.5%

20

3,128,399.27

3,123,700

+4,699.27 (+0.150%)

119.20%

119.0%

30

3,547,057.08

3,544,650

+2,407.08 (+0.068%)

135.16%

135.0%

40

3,977,949.06

3,983,950

−6,000.94 (−0.151%)

151.58%

151.8%

50

4,386,411.27

4,404,300

−17,888.73 (−0.406%)

167.14%

167.8%

Two closed-form parameters reproduce a carrier’s whole published run to within 0.41% at every duration and to 0.006% at the step. Cumulative premium checks out independently: 15 × ¥174,960 = ¥2,624,400, the published 払込保険料累計 [S4]. Note that the published 払戻率 figures truncate rather than round (2,928,450 / 2,624,400 = 111.586%, printed 111.5%).

What this construction is not. π = ¥176,618.83 exceeds the gross premium of ¥174,960 — a negative expense loading, which no real product carries. The construction uses the valuation table’s margin-loaded q as a stand-in for the insurer’s unpublished 予定死亡率, and SC(t) absorbs the difference. It reproduces the contractual value; it is not a pricing model and π is not the priced net premium.

First periods of the base run#

Per policy issued, income-positive, to two decimal places.

t

age

q(t)

pols_if(t)

premiums

claims_death

claims_lapse

claim_expenses

expenses

commissions

net_cf

1

30

0.00068

1.000000

174,960.00

3,400.00

3,747.52

13.60

58,000.00

157,464.00

−47,665.12

2

31

0.00069

0.959347

167,847.39

3,309.75

6,352.17

13.24

7,751.53

5,035.42

145,385.28

3

32

0.00070

0.929925

162,699.62

3,254.74

6,502.46

13.02

7,588.93

4,880.99

140,459.49

4

33

0.00072

0.910688

159,334.02

3,278.48

8,750.23

13.11

7,506.26

4,780.02

135,005.91

5

34

0.00074

0.891832

156,034.91

3,299.78

10,936.27

13.20

7,424.35

4,681.05

129,680.27

…

14

43

0.00151

0.736765

128,904.33

5,562.57

27,910.33

22.25

6,708.05

3,867.13

84,833.99

15

44

0.00163

0.720939

126,135.49

5,875.65

358,347.00

23.50

6,629.61

3,784.06

−248,524.33

16

45

0.00177

0.597404

0.00

5,287.03

35,399.47

21.15

5,548.54

0.00

−46,256.18

expenses is acquisition and maintenance only and the claim handling expense stands beside it in its own claim_expenses column, which is the settled column vocabulary across the three libraries; the dividends column is zero throughout on this cell and is omitted. Surrender values at the same anniversaries: CV(1) = 93,751.86, CV(2) = 220,864.08, CV(3) = 349,867.80, CV(4) = 480,764.69, CV(5) = 613,589.14, CV(14) = 1,896,979.14, CV(15) = 2,928,631.87, CV(16) = 2,968,027.59.

Trace, year 1. D(1) = 1.000000 × 0.00068 = 0.00068; death claims = 5,000,000 × 0.00068 = 3,400.00; claim expense = 20,000 × 0.00068 = 13.60. Survivors of mortality = 1 − 0.00068 = 0.99932, so S(1) = 0.99932 × 0.04 = 0.0399728; V(1) = W(1) − SC(1) = 175,931.231 − 42,000 = 133,931.231, and CV(1) = 0.70 × 133,931.231 = 93,751.8620, so surrender benefits = 93,751.8620 × 0.0399728 = 3,747.52. Expenses = 50,000.00 + 8,000.00 = 58,000.00; commission = 0.90 × 174,960 = 157,464.00. CF(1) = 174,960.00 − 3,400.00 − 13.60 − 3,747.52 − 50,000.00 − 8,000.00 − 157,464.00 = −47,665.12. Update: l(2) = 1 × 0.99932 × 0.96 = 0.9593472.

Trace, year 2. Premiums = 174,960 × 0.9593472 = 167,847.39. D(2) = 0.9593472 × 0.00069 = 0.00066195; claims = 5,000,000 × 0.00066195 = 3,309.75; claim expense = 13.24. Survivors = 0.9593472 × 0.99931 = 0.9586853, so S(2) = 0.9586853 × 0.03 = 0.0287606; CV(2) = 0.70 × 315,520.1189 = 220,864.0832, so surrender benefits = 220,864.0832 × 0.0287606 = 6,352.17. Maintenance = 8,000 × 1.01 × 0.9593472 = 7,751.53; renewal commission = 0.03 × 174,960 × 0.9593472 = 5,035.42. CF(2) = 167,847.39 − 3,309.75 − 13.24 − 6,352.17 − 7,751.53 − 5,035.42 = 145,385.28. Update: l(3) = 0.9586853 × 0.97 = 0.9299247.

Trace, year 3. Premiums = 174,960 × 0.9299247 = 162,699.62. D(3) = 0.9299247 × 0.00070 = 0.000650947; claims = 3,254.74; claim expense = 13.02. Survivors = 0.9299247 × 0.99930 = 0.929273746, S(3) = 0.929273746 × 0.02 = 0.018585475; CV(3) = 0.70 × 499,811.1402 = 349,867.7981; surrender benefits = 349,867.7981 × 0.018585475 = 6,502.46. Maintenance = 8,000 × 1.01² × 0.9299247 = 7,588.93; renewal commission = 5,248.80 × 0.9299247 = 4,880.99. CF(3) = 162,699.62 − 3,254.74 − 13.02 − 6,502.46 − 7,588.93 − 4,880.99 = 140,459.49. Update: l(4) = 0.929273746 × 0.98 = 0.910688271.

Trace, the cliff at t = 15. l(15) = 0.720939, q(15) = 0.00163, so survivors of mortality = 0.720939036 × (1 − 0.00163) = 0.719763905 and S(15) = 0.719763905 × 0.17 = 0.122359864. The value payable is the post-step one: CV(15) = V(15) = 2,928,631.87, not 0.70 × 2,928,631.87 = 2,050,042.31. Surrender benefits = 2,928,631.87 × 0.122359864 = 358,347.00, and CF(15) = 126,135.49 − 5,875.65 − 23.50 − 358,347.00 − 6,629.61 − 3,784.06 = −248,524.33, the 6,629.61 being maintenance alone, 8,000 × 1.01^14 × 0.720939, with the 23.50 of claim expense in its own column. One year earlier the same product produced +84,833.99. The cliff is the largest single feature of this cash-flow stream and it is one year wide. A model that smooths CV across t = 14 … 16, or that pays year-15 surrenders on the suppressed basis, loses or doubles roughly a quarter of a million yen per policy issued in that one year. The ratio the implementation must reproduce exactly is CV(15) / (0.70 × V(15)) = 1.4285714286 = 1 / 0.70.

Roll-forward check. Over the full 80 years, Σ D(t) = 0.305066391 and Σ S(t) = 0.694933609, summing to 1.000000000, with l(81) = 0. Undiscounted totals per policy issued: premiums 2,212,542.21; death claims 1,525,331.95; claim expenses 6,101.33; surrender benefits 1,692,538.36; expenses 329,814.38; commission 218,591.47; Σ CF(t) = −1,559,835.29. Undiscounted, the contract loses money; discounting is out of scope and is what makes the sign meaningful.

自動振替貸付 trace (module on)#

The premium plus a year’s interest is P × (1 + i_L) = 174,960 × 1.0275 = ¥179,771.40. Take a policy that stops paying at the start of year s, with L(s) = 0.

s = 2, 低解約返戻金型 on (k = 0.70).

t = 2:  CV(2) = 0.70 × 315,520.1189 = 220,864.08  >=  0 + 179,771.40        -> fires
        L(3) = (0 + 174,960) × 1.0275 = 179,771.40
t = 3:  CV(3) = 0.70 × 499,811.1402 = 349,867.80  <  179,771.40 + 179,771.40
                                                   = 359,542.80             -> fails
        lapse; benefit = max(0, CV(2) − L(3)) = 220,864.08 − 179,771.40 = 41,092.68

One advance. The same default on the ordinary form (k = 1.00) passes at t = 3 (499,811.14 ≥ 359,542.80) and goes on passing: it takes thirteen advances, carrying the policy to t = 14 and failing at t = 15, where L(15) + P × (1 + i_L) = 2,764,330.63 + 179,771.40 = 2,944,102.03 finally exceeds CV(15) = 2,928,631.87 — reaching the last premium year all but intact and then paying nothing, because the loan has consumed the value. One advance against thirteen, from the same default, at the same duration, on the same underlying policy value. That is what running the APL test against 70% of the value rather than against the value does, and it is why a 低解約返戻金型 contract is simultaneously the one with the strongest incentive to persist to 払込満了 and the one with the least headroom to get there.

The first year at which the APL can fund a single premium is t* = 2 on both forms (CV(1) is 93,751.86 suppressed and 133,931.23 unsuppressed, both under 179,771.40): in year 1 the APL cannot carry the policy at all, on either form.

The clawback, priced. A policy defaulting at s = 10 takes six advances (years 10 … 15; after m no premium is due and the balance rolls up on interest alone). With the clawback applied — the correct treatment, since the cohort did not pay its low-period premiums — its value stays at 0.70 × V(t) for ever and the loan overtakes it in year 53 (L(53) = 3,152,972.42 against CV(53) = 3,142,190.57). With the clawback wrongly omitted, the value steps up at m and the same policy survives to year 69. Sixteen years of in-force, on one boolean.

Valuation and reserve pointers#

This library projects gross liability cash flows. Every valuation layer consumes them and is cited, never reproduced.

  • 標準責任準備金. 保険業法第116条 obliges the reserve and empowers the Prime Minister to prescribe the accumulation method and the level of the assumed coefficients for long-term contracts R5 REG-R4. 施行規則第68条 fixes the scope — a level-premium 終身保険 with a fixed 予定利率 is in it R6 REG-R7 — and 第69条 splits the reserve into 保険料積立金, 未経過保険料, 払戻積立金 and contingency reserve (kiken junbikin, 危険準備金), with 平準純保険料式 as the floor for anything out of scope R6 REG-R8. 平成8年大蔵省告示第48号 sets the method (平準純保険料式, no Zillmer adjustment), the table (生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用）for contracts concluded from 1 April 2018) and the 標準利率 machinery, which for ordinary contracts resets off a 1 October 基準日 against the lower of the three-year and ten-year means of 10-year JGB issue yields, with banded safety coefficients, a 0.5 percentage-point trigger, 0.25% granularity and effect from the following 1 April R7 R8 REG-R10 REG-R11. The current numeric 標準利率 could not be established from any retrieved official document, and the 安全率係数 table for the annual case is printed as 「［表略］」 in the retrieved redline R8 — so i_std is std and defaults to i_cv so that the reserve_pp − V = SC identity is exactly testable. 危険準備金 is prescribed by sub-class (保険リスク, third sector (dai-san-bun’ya, 第三分野) 保険リスク, 予定利率リスク, 最低保証リスク) R6 REG-R8 and is not modelled. 価格変動準備金 under 保険業法第115条 is asset-driven and out of scope entirely REG-R3.

  • ESR. From 31 March 2026 insurers are supervised on 経済価値ベースのソルベンシー規制, with liabilities at 現在推計 plus MOCE, re-measured at each 基準日 on assumptions re-set then, discounted on a prescribed curve and calibrated in principle to 99.5%; early corrective action triggers below 100%, replacing the old ソルベンシー・マージン比率 200% trigger REG-R15 REG-R17. This projection is the 現在推計 cash-flow engine and nothing more: BEL = Σ_t v(t) × [outgo(t) − income(t)] over the recursion above, with v(t), MOCE and the standard-formula coefficients all out of scope — the 柱告示 were not opened and their coefficients are unverified REG-R16. The regime change matters to this product specifically: the old basis was ロックイン, with mortality, lapse and interest fixed at issue, and a 終身保険 written today runs off over eighty years, so a re-projectable, assumption-parameterized liability model is the operative artefact rather than a one-off pricing exercise REG-R15.

  • The 意見書 chain. 保険業法第121条第1項第1号 requires the appointed actuary (保険計理人) to confirm in an 意見書 that the reserve is soundly accumulated REG-R6; the IAJ 実務基準 turns that into the 1号収支分析, a forward income-and-outgo analysis over at least ten future years by product segment under prescribed deterministic or stochastic scenarios, with sufficiency tested over the first five REG-R22. That is the shape of the output above.

  • Accounting. IFRS 17 is not mandatory in Japan — IFRS applies as 指定国際会計基準 on a voluntary basis REG-R47. J-GAAP statutory reserving, the ESR economic balance sheet and IFRS 17 are three bases over one set of projected cash flows, and this model keeps the cash flows basis-agnostic.

  • Disclosure, not valuation, but binding on the model’s outputs. The supervisory guideline names 低解約返戻金型 products among those needing extra explanation at the point of sale, requires the 解約返戻金 amount or its method to be disclosed, and requires the 自動振替貸付 to be at the policyholder’s election with prompt notice (監督指針 IV-1-9, IV-1-10, IV-1-12) REG-R14; the statutory 説明義務 covering a restriction on cancellation is what makes the suppression period a disclosable feature rather than a pricing detail REG-R39. That is why apl_elected is a model-point flag with a default and never an unconditional no-lapse rule.

Key sensitivities and model risks#

In rough order of leverage on this product:

  1. The cash-value construction. i_cv and α are two std parameters carrying the entire surrender-benefit stream, which totals ¥1,692,538 against ¥2,212,542 of undiscounted premium income on the anchor cell — the largest outgo line after death claims. They are calibrated to one carrier’s published table for one model point [S4]; the fit at other issue ages, sexes and payment terms is unverified, because no carrier publishes a second complete run. A user with a real 算出方法書 replaces pol_val_pp and changes nothing else.

  2. The cliff spike s. 15% std, with no public data of any kind behind it. It moves year-m surrender outgo linearly and it is the assumption a reviewer should challenge first. Setting s = 0 removes it cleanly.

  3. The APL, and whether it is on. The mechanic is the difference between a lapse model and a funded-termination model. Election varies more than any other feature across the seven carriers — opt-out at four [S1] [S7] [S10] [S11], opt-in at one [S3], absent at two [S8] [S9] — so apl_elected is a genuine product variable, not a modelling switch.

  4. The 予定利率 / 標準利率 gap. Neither current value could be established R8 [S11] REG-R10. On a level-premium 終身保険 the spread between the pricing rate and the valuation rate is what determines whether the statutory reserve behaves at all; a deep 逆ざや inverts the reserve_pp ≥ V ordering and no model should assert it.

  5. Mortality margin. mort_be_factor = 1.00 means the base run is on a valuation table with a roughly-2σ margin and an eight-year improvement allowance already inside it REG-R20. Claims move proportionately with mort_be_factor; on an eighty-year whole-life run they are the largest single outgo.

  6. The horizon itself. ω = 109 (M) / 113 (F). More than three quarters of the expected death claims on the anchor cell fall after t = 40 — 0.230566 of 0.305066. Any truncation of the projection is a direct understatement.

  7. Expense inflation over eighty years. 1.0% std compounds to a factor of 2.19 over the run; 3% compounds to 10.33. There is no published Japanese expense basis to anchor either.

  8. 復活. Not modelled, so in force after a lapse is understated. Japanese policies come back for three years [S1] [S3] [S7] [S10]; the UK reference set’s terminal lapse is not the right intuition here.

Known modeling pitfalls:

  • The cliff is a step, not a ramp. CV(t) = k × V(t) for t < m and V(t) for t >= m, with CV(m) / (k × V(m)) exactly 1 / k [S3] [S7] [S9] [S11]. Interpolating, grading or smoothing across the boundary is wrong; so is a 終身払 point, for which m is infinite and the step never happens [S4].

  • Off-by-one at the boundary. Surrenders in policy year m are paid on the full value; the suppressed value applies to years 1 … m−1 std. Both quantities exist at t = m and the published table prints both — ¥2,047,650 an instant before and ¥2,928,450 an instant after [S4] — so a model must be able to produce both and must not lose either.

  • One policy value, one multiplier. The suppression is a pure haircut on a common underlying value: at duration 40 the suppressed and ordinary products have identical surrender values [S7]. Running two reserve bases, or two pol_val_pp series, is wrong.

  • Lapse is a funded event. Applying a lapse rate to unpaid premiums without first running the APL continuation test models a decrement the contract does not have [S1] [S3] [S10]. The premium-default decrement and the voluntary-surrender decrement are different objects with different consequences.

  • The APL advance is not cash income. No cash reaches the insurer; a loan asset is created. Booking the advanced premium as premiums and netting the loan off the claim double-counts it. net_cf must be unchanged by an APL advance in the year it is made. Mechanically this is the choice of weight: premium and renewal commission are carried on lp(t) and everything else on l(t). The two are equal in the base run, so an implementation that weights premium by l(t) reproduces the worked example exactly and fails only once the APL module is switched on.

  • The APL test runs on the suppressed value. CV*(t), not V(t). On the anchor cell a default at t = 2 buys one advance at k = 0.70 and thirteen at k = 1.00; running the test on V overstates headroom by more than a decade of in force [S7] [S9] [S11].

  • The clawback survives the step. A cohort carried through the low period by unrepaid APL advances keeps the suppressed basis after m [S3] [S4] [S5] [S9]. On the anchor cell that is the difference between exhaustion in year 53 and in year 69.

  • Premiums stop at m; nothing else does. Maintenance expense, death claims, surrender benefits and the cash value all continue for life. A projection that ends at 払込満了, or that keeps charging renewal commission after it, misses the majority of the liability.

  • Terminal age and table basis. ω = 109 (M) / 113 (F) on 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用） REG-R18; projecting to 100 (a U.S. habit) or to 120 truncates or invents. The table is a valuation table with a roughly-2σ margin REG-R20, and it is built for 保険年齢 while this product ages on 満年齢 [S1] [S3] [S9] — both must be stated wherever the basis is described.

  • 高度障害 is inside the death rate, and リビング・ニーズ accelerates. 生保標準生命表2018（死亡保険用） already includes the severe-disability benefit REG-R20 R2, so a separate disability decrement double-counts; and the living-needs rider reduces the sum assured by what it pays [S1] [S3] [S4] [S7], so treating it as an additional benefit double-counts again.

  • Everything is floored at zero. V(t) = max(0, W(t) − SC(t)) is negative in principle at t = 0; the death benefit SA − L(t) and the surrender benefit CV(t) − L(t) can both go negative once a loan has outgrown the value [S1] [S3] [S10]. None of them may produce a negative payment.

  • reserve_pp is not cv_pp. 平準純保険料式 admits no Zillmer adjustment REG-R10, so the statutory reserve carries no 解約控除; reserve_pp(t) − V(t) = SC(t) holds only when the two basis rates coincide, and reserve_pp ≥ V ≥ CV is not an invariant under 逆ざや. reserve_pp must never appear in net_cf.